In vivo in vitro的問題，透過圖書和論文來找解法和答案更準確安心。 我們找到下列免費下載的地點或者是各式教學

Environmental, Physiological and Chemical Controls of Adventitious Rooting in Cuttings

為了解決In vivo in vitro的問題，作者 這樣論述：

The goal of this book is to provide a review, as thorough and up-to-date as possible, of the state-of-the-art of the environmental, physiological and chemical controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings obtained from plants. In plants, adventitious roots, which are highly useful for vegetative prop

agation (or clonal propagation) are produced mainly from leaves, hypocotyls, stems or shoots. Vegetative propagation may occur naturally by making use of propagules such as roots, underground and aerial stems, leaves, buds and bulbils. It may also be done artificially through regenerative organs (rh

izomes, bulbs, and corms) and by utilizing specialized methods, like cutting, grafting and layering. The technique of stem cuttings has long been used as an effective and economical method/measure of clonal propagation of uniform and pathogen-free plants of elite genotypes/germplasms. This is partic

ularly true for various species of horticultural and forestry value. The technique is of special importance for plants producing seeds that are highly recalcitrant and have a very low germination percentage. Quite often, both in vitro and in vivo clonal propagations are carried out using different t

ypes of explants. For in vitro clonal propagation usually axillary buds in the nodal segments are used, while various types of stem cuttings are chosen for in vivo propagation. Adventitious root formation in cuttings is a crucial physiological process for clonal propagation of many plant species. Ov

erall, a plethora of factors affect the adventitious rooting of cuttings, adding to the complexity of the phenomenon. The main factors which control adventitious root formation are types of cuttings, presence of leaf area on cuttings, types of hormones and their concentration, duration of hormonal t

reatment (quick dip, long soak, dry dip, spray dip, or total immerse method), maturation (juvenile or mature), genotype, explant position (basal, middle or apical cuttings), irradiance, temperature, water availability, season, mineral nutrition, rooting conditions, and/or proliferation medium. The i

dentification and the use of correct combination and/or hormonal or auxin treatments have improved the rooting potential even in hard-to-root species. It has been noticed that in spite of a thorough control of environmental factors in the modern propagation industry, high economic losses still occur

because of insufficient rooting. Therefore, understanding of each aspect associated with the adventitious root formation in cuttings is important and remains a fertile discipline for research. Pretreatment of cuttings with auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and a-naphthalene

acetic acid causes metabolic changes during the adventitious root formation, which consists of three successive but independent phases, namely induction, initiation, and expression. The induction phase comprises of molecular and biochemical events without visible changes, the initiation phase is ch

aracterized by cell divisions and root primordia organization, and the expression phase denotes the intra-stem growth of root primordia and the emergence of roots. Since rooting is a high-energy-demanding process, rooting ability of cuttings has been frequently discussed in relation to soluble and s

torage carbohydrate contents. Availability of energy sources as well as supply of nitrogen and amino-acid affects the pace and intensity of adventitious root formation. Furthermore, significant alterations in enzyme activities and metabolite accumulation observed in plant cuttings suggest that the a

ctivity of specific enzymes and metabolites governs the adventitious root formation. For instance, oxidative enzymes, widely distributed in higher plants, have special significance during the rooting. In many studies, changes in the pattern of oxidative enzymes such as peroxidase, indole acetic acid

oxidase, etc, have been taken as the biochemical markers for the successive rooting phases. Further, cutting-edge tools of genome and proteome analysis have been used to understand molecular regulations, gene actions, and cellular processes involved in adventitious root formation. Several candidate

genes have been identified to provoke the induction, initiation, and maintenance of adventitious root primordia-associated signaling cascading network. Considering these crucial points, it becomes essential to understand the underlying factors and their interactions during the formation of adventit

ious roots in cuttings. Given the above, effort has been made in the present book to cover a wide range of topics, as mentioned above, and discuss the environmental, physiological, and chemical controls of adventitious rooting in cuttings. The authors have crafted each chapter with immense clarity,

reviewing up-to-date literature and presenting lucid illustrations.

In vivo in vitro進入發燒排行的影片

運動訓練與停止訓練對中老年人骨骼肌氧合能力與身體功能表現之影響

為了解決In vivo in vitro的問題，作者杨永 這樣論述：

運動是一種改善中老年人骨骼肌氧合能力、提高肌肉力量並最終影響整體身體功能表現的有效方式。然而，較少的研究評估不同運動類型之間訓練效益的差異。此外，由於中老年人生病、外出旅行與照顧兒童等原因，迫使運動鍛煉的中斷。如何合理安排運動訓練的週期、強度與停訓週期，以促使中老年人在未來再訓練快速恢復以往訓練效益，目前亦尚不清楚。本文以三個研究建構而成。研究I：不同運動訓練模式對中老年人的骨骼肌氧合能力、肌力與身體功能表現的影響。以此探討50歲及以上中老年人進行每週2次為期8週的爆發力、阻力訓練以及心肺訓練在改善中老年人肌肉組織氧合能力、與肌肉力量身體功能效益的差異。我們的研究結果表明：爆發力組在改善下肢

肌力、最大爆發力與肌肉品質方面表現出較佳的效果。心肺組提高了30s坐站測試成績並減少了肌肉耗氧量，從而改善了中老年人在30s坐站測試期間的運動經濟性。年紀較高的肌力組則對於改善平衡能力更加有效。此外，三組運動形式均有效改善了中老年人人敏捷性。研究 Ⅱ：停止訓練對運動訓練後中老年人肌力與身體功能表現的影響：系統性回顧與meta分析。本研究欲探討停止訓練對運動訓練後中老年人肌力與身體功能表現訓練效益維持的影響。我們的研究結果表明：訓練期大於停止運動訓練期是肌力維持的重要因素。若訓練期

Cancer Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Therapeutics

為了解決In vivo in vitro的問題，作者 這樣論述：

Dr. Adeeb Shehzad is currently serving as Assistant Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences at School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan and editorial board member of journal Pancreatic Disorders an

d Therapy. He completed his MS (2008-2010) and Ph.D (2010-2014) from School of Life Sciences at Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea. He has earlier served as a Research Professor in the School of Life Sciences at Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea (2014-2015) and Visitin

g Professor at Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia (2019-2021). His research interest is mainly oriented to the screening and development of plant isolated compounds as anticancer agents, as well as the in-vitro

and in-vivo studies of synthetic drugs on modulation of different signaling pathways in cancers. He has been conferred with various scholarships notably, Kyungpook Honor Scholarship and Higher Education Commission awards for MS and PhD studies. He is also serving as a referee for a well-known resear

ch journals, including Cancer Research (UK), Molecules and Cells (South Korea), BBA Molecular Cell Research (UK) and MDPI journals. He has more than 10 years of teaching experience in Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Biotechnology.He has also published more than 70 research articles in the peer-revi

ewed international journal and authored or co-authored numerous book chapters. He is a member of many international scientific societies and organizations importantly, Korean Society of Molecular and Cellular Biology, South Korea, honorary member of Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) and P

akistan Pharmacist Association, Pakistan.

布里斯洛中間體自由基反應機制之理論研究

為了解決In vivo in vitro的問題，作者謝明修 這樣論述：

含氮雜環卡賓（N-heterocyclic carbene）催化之化學反應中，布里斯洛中間體（Breslow intermediate）扮演重要的催化角色。布里斯洛中間體能以親核基（nucleophile）或自由基（radical）之形式參與反應。本論文探討布里斯洛中間體之自由基特性及形成機制（mechanism），其自由基可從氫自由基轉移或直接氧化形成。安息香縮合反應（benzoin condensation）中，布里斯洛中間體將氫原子轉移至苯甲醛（benzaldehyde）以形成自由基，此自由基可結合形成安息香產物，或排除反應之副產物，使其重新進入催化反應。唯此路徑之反應能障高於傳統非自

由基路徑。此研究亦探討四種布里斯洛中間體之不同電子組態的位能面。其中烯醇鹽（enolate）形式能產生偶極束縛態（dipole-bound state），此為產生自由基之新路徑；拉電子基（electron-withdrawing group）以及立體障礙基（bulky groups）可穩定基態。另外，我們亦研究布里斯洛中間體之碎片化（fragmentation）與重組（rearrangement）。布里斯洛中間體之催化反應可能因其碳氮鍵斷裂而中止，形成碎片。我們證實其反應中可以形成自由基，亦可形成離子。反應趨向之路徑與布里斯洛中間體之羥基的質子化型態有關。碎片化反應亦可視為轉酮醇酶（tran

sketolase）中之噻胺（thiamin）催化反應中之副反應；此研究證實轉酮醇酶透過限制布里斯洛中間體之結構與質子化型態，使其碳氮鍵斷裂需更高之反應能量，進而抑制此副反應。