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Interpreting African American History and Culture at Museums and Historic Sites

為了解決Brochure examples的問題，作者Van Balgooy, Max A. (EDT)/ Bunch, Lonnie G., III (FRW) 這樣論述：

In this landmark guide, nearly two dozen essays by scholars, educators, and museum leaders suggest the next steps in the interpretation of African American history and culture from the colonial period to the twentieth century at history museums and historic sites. This diverse anthology addresses

both historical research and interpretive methodologies, including investigating church and legal records, using social media, navigating sensitive or difficult topics, preserving historic places, engaging students and communities, and strengthening connections between local and national history. C

ase studies of exhibitions, tours, and school programs from around the country provide practical inspiration, including photographs of projects and examples of exhibit label text. Highlights include: -Amanda Seymour discusses the prevalence of "false nostalgia" at the homes of the first five preside

nts and offers practical solutions to create a more inclusive, nuanced history. -Dr. Bernard Powers reveals that African American church records are a rich but often overlooked source for developing a more complete portrayal of individuals and communities. -Dr. David Young, executive director of Cli

veden, uses his experience in reinterpreting this National Historic Landmark to identify four ways that people respond to a history that has been too often untold, ignored, or appropriated--and how museums and historic sites can constructively respond. -Dr. Matthew Pinsker explains that historic sit

es may be missing a huge opportunity in telling the story of freedom and emancipation by focusing on the underground railroad rather than its much bigger "upper-ground" counterpart. -Martha Katz-Hyman tackles the challenges of interpreting the material culture of both enslaved and free African Ameri

cans in the years before the Civil War by discussing the furnishing of period rooms. -Dr. Benjamin Filene describes three "micro-public history" projects that lead to new ways of understanding the past, handling source limitations, building partnerships, and reaching audiences. -Andrea Jones shares

her approach for engaging students through historical simulations based on the "Fight for Your Rights" school program at the Atlanta History Center. -A exhibit on African American Vietnam War veterans at the Heinz History Center not only linked local and international events, but became an award-win

ning model of civic engagement. -A collaboration between a university and museum that began as a local history project interpreting the Scottsboro Boys Trial as a website and brochure ended up changing Alabama law. A list of national organizations and an extensive bibliography on the interpretation

of African American history provide convenient gateways to additional resources.

Interpreting African American History and Culture at Museums and Historic Sites

為了解決Brochure examples的問題，作者Van Balgooy, Max A. (EDT)/ Bunch, Lonnie G., III (FRW) 這樣論述：

In this landmark guide, nearly two dozen essays by scholars, educators, and museum leaders suggest the next steps in the interpretation of African American history and culture from the colonial period to the twentieth century at history museums and historic sites. This diverse anthology addresses bo

th historical research and interpretive methodologies, including investigating church and legal records, using social media, navigating sensitive or difficult topics, preserving historic places, engaging students and communities, and strengthening connections between local and national history. Case

studies of exhibitions, tours, and school programs from around the country provide practical inspiration, including photographs of projects and examples of exhibit label text. Highlights include: -Amanda Seymour discusses the prevalence of "false nostalgia" at the homes of the first five presidents

and offers practical solutions to create a more inclusive, nuanced history. -Dr. Bernard Powers reveals that African American church records are a rich but often overlooked source for developing a more complete portrayal of individuals and communities. -Dr. David Young, executive director of Clived

en, uses his experience in reinterpreting this National Historic Landmark to identify four ways that people respond to a history that has been too often untold, ignored, or appropriated--and how museums and historic sites can constructively respond. -Dr. Matthew Pinsker explains that historic sites

may be missing a huge opportunity in telling the story of freedom and emancipation by focusing on the underground railroad rather than its much bigger "upper-ground" counterpart. -Martha Katz-Hyman tackles the challenges of interpreting the material culture of both enslaved and free African American

s in the years before the Civil War by discussing the furnishing of period rooms. -Dr. Benjamin Filene describes three "micro-public history" projects that lead to new ways of understanding the past, handling source limitations, building partnerships, and reaching audiences. -Andrea Jones shares her

approach for engaging students through historical simulations based on the "Fight for Your Rights" school program at the Atlanta History Center. -A exhibit on African American Vietnam War veterans at the Heinz History Center not only linked local and international events, but became an award-winnin

g model of civic engagement. -A collaboration between a university and museum that began as a local history project interpreting the Scottsboro Boys Trial as a website and brochure ended up changing Alabama law. A list of national organizations and an extensive bibliography on the interpretation of

African American history provide convenient gateways to additional resources. Max A. van Balgooy is president of Engaging Places LLC, a design and strategy firm that connects people and historic places. He works with a wide range of historic sites on interpretive planning and business strategy, fr

om Drayton Hall to Taliesin West. These experiences provide a rich source of ideas for EngagingPlaces.net, where he blogs regularly about the opportunities and challenges facing historic sites and house museums. He serves on the AASLH Council and teaches in the museum studies program at George Washi

ngton University, and received his degrees in history from Pomona College and the University of Delaware (Hagley Fellow).

以創新的診斷方式協助基層醫療機構辨識未被確診的肺阻塞病人與鑑別加護病房中疑似念珠菌肺炎的病人

為了解決Brochure examples的問題，作者蘇剛正 這樣論述：

即使現代醫學在改善人類健康方面取得了相當大的進展，仍有許多問題有待解決。在胸腔醫學領域，肺阻塞（Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease，COPD）的診斷不足和白色念珠菌肺炎（Candida pneumonia，CP）的診斷爭議是臨床上主要困境的兩個例子。在這篇論文中，我們提出了新的診斷方法，以滿足這兩個臨床需求和實際困境間的落差。 研究1：肺量計(Spirometry)的缺乏或測量的使用不足是導致COPD診斷率低下的最重要因素之一。我們開發一個COPD預測模型，以便在無法獲得肺量計檢測時可辨識有罹病風險但未被診斷的COPD患者。這項橫斷面研究在兩個不

同時期（分別為開發和驗證族群 [Development and validation cohorts]）進行，地點在單一醫學中心，招募的受試者須同時符合年齡 ≥ 40歲、有呼吸道症狀和超過20包-年 (Pack-years) 的吸煙史。所有受試者都需完成COPD評估測試問卷（COPD assessment test，CAT）、呼氣尖峰流速（Peak expiratory flow rate，PEFR）的測量和確診所需的肺量計檢測。資料分析採用二元邏輯迴歸 (Binary logistic regression) 以建立預測模型 (Prediction model)，模型的準確性與鑑別度 (Di

scrimination) 以接收者操作特徵曲線下面積 (Area under receiver operating characteristic curve，AUROC) 評估，並進行模型的校準 (Calibration，採用Hosmer- Lemeshow檢驗)。在發展族群中，有301名受試者完成了研究，包括非COPD（154名，占51.2%）和COPD病例（147名；I期，27.2%；II期，55.8%；III-IV期，17%）。與非COPD和GOLD I期病例相比，GOLD II-IV期患者的CAT分數明顯較高，肺功能較低，這群人被認為是有臨床意義的COPD患者。有四個獨立變數（年齡、

吸煙包年數、CAT分數和PEFR百分比預測值）被納入預測模型，該模型用以估算受試者為COPD患者的機率（PCOPD）。該模型在開發和驗證族群中分別表現出良好的準確性與鑑別度（AUROC = 0.866和0.828；95% 信賴區間：0.825 - 0.906和0.751 - 0.904），以及校準（Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.332和0.668）。用1000個複製的自助抽樣驗證法 (Bootstrap validation with 1000 replicates) 的AUROC值為0.866 （95% 信賴區間：0.821 - 0.905）。在開發族群中，採用PCOPD ≥

0.65當臨界值以辨識COPD患者，具有高特異性（90%），並且以此找出的COPD患者，很大部分（91.4%）為有臨床意義的COPD患者。我們的預測模型可以協助臨床醫師，有效地辨識有罹病風險但未被診斷的COPD患者，以進行進一步的診斷評估和及時治療，特別是在無法獲得肺量計檢測的基層醫療機構中，更具實用的價值。 研究2：雖然CP是種會造成生命危險的嚴重感染症，但診斷困難，目前仍缺乏利用生物標記 (Biomarker) 以早期鑑別疑似CP病人的診斷方式。本研究針對重症且免疫力低下的病人，同時測量其氣管內抽吸液（Endotracheal aspirates，TA）、支氣管肺泡灌洗液 （Bron

choalveolar lavage fluid ，BALF）和血清3種不同檢體中的（1，3）-β-D-葡聚糖 [(1, 3)-β-D-glucan，BDG] 的濃度，用以比較不同檢體中BDG值在鑑別疑似CP病人的診斷價值。這項前瞻性的觀察性研究，在2010年11月至2011年10月期間招募了重症、免疫力低下且呼吸衰竭使用機械通氣的疑似真菌性肺炎病人，地點在內外科混合型加護病房進行。病人若有干擾BDG檢測的因素存在，或合併念珠菌以外的其他真菌感染，將被排除在研究外。每位病人同時收集的TA、BALF和血清3種檢體，皆需進行真菌塗片鏡檢、真菌培養和BDG檢測。在篩選了166名病人後，共31名病人完

成研究，並被分為非CP/非candidemia組（Non-CP/non-candidemia，n = 18）、疑似CP組（n = 9）和非CP/candidemia組（Non-CP/candidemia，n = 4）。疑似CP組中TA或BALF中的BDG值最高，而非CP/candidemia組血清中的BDG值最高。在所有病人中，TA與BALF中的BDG值呈明顯正相關。對於疑似CP病人的BDG檢測值，在TA和BALF的診斷預測性能，其敏感性、特異性與相對應BDG臨界值 (Cutoff，pg/ml) 分別為67%、82%、120 pg/ml和89%、86%、130 pg/ml，AUROC分別為0.

833和0.939 （P值均 < 0.05）。在沒有併發念珠菌血症的情況下，測量血清BDG對鑑別可疑CP病人並沒有診斷價值 （AUROC = 0.510，P = 0.931）。TA和BALF中的BDG值，但不是血清中的值，為鑑別疑似CP病人提供了良好的診斷價值，並可作為早期鑑別潛在CP的生物標標記。 總結：我們找出了兩種新的診斷方法，具令人滿意的預測性能，可用於辨識基層醫療機構中未被診斷的COPD患者和鑑別加護病房中疑似CP的病人。