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The Syllogist

為了解決AIGNER的問題，作者Aigner, Kurt W. 這樣論述：

考量內生性生產要素與非意欲產出問題下探討CSR活動對銀行業經濟效率之影響

為了解決AIGNER的問題，作者邱義晃 這樣論述：

隨著經濟成長與環境變遷，企業經營開始注重環境、社會和公司治理(ESG)，本文針對這個議題，探討企業社會責任投入對銀行業經濟效率之影響，CSR資料取自EIRIS之2003-2014年32個國家287家銀行，要素投入與產出數據取自Bureau Van Dijk公司之ORBIS Bank Focus全球銀行與金融分析資料庫，利用隨機邊界方法考慮生產要素內生性與非意欲產出，同時探討技術與配置效率議題。採用Amsler, Prokhorov and Schmidt (2016)工具變數法解決要素內生性問題，確保迴歸係數估計值具備一致性，實證結果顯示總成本無效率主要來自配置無效率，而非技術無效率，此發現

與銀行業常進行組織結構改造，重新調整人力、資本與資金等以改善配置無效率相呼應一致。進一步將技術和總無效率與環境變數連結，包括(1)前五大銀行市占率、(2) 銀行成立年數、(3)CSR員工項目分數、(4)資產報酬率、(5)淨值資產比、(6) CSR公司治理分數、(7)銀行資產/GDP比、(8)人均GDP等8個環境變數，其中前三項主要影響技術無效率因素，結果發現環境變數確實影響銀行經營效率，擬定執行經營策略納入考慮有其重要性。並將研究資料依年份期間與洲別分類，發現2007-2009年次貸風暴期間銀行經營效率最低，但三個期間的差異未達統計顯著；洲別分類以亞洲銀行經營效率最低，檢定發現歐洲與美洲銀行經

營效率顯著高於亞洲銀行，研判與亞洲銀行種族文化、經濟環境與規模差異較大有關。文中比較不考慮(1)內生性、(2) CSR與(3)非意欲產出對經營效率之影響，發現造成技術無效率與配置無效率誤置，導致銀行經營者執行錯誤的經營策略方向，反而造成資源更多的浪費，評估銀行經營效率的影響因素必須充份完整，不得不慎。

An Invitation to Algebraic Numbers and Algebraic Functions

為了解決AIGNER的問題，作者Halter-Koch, Franz 這樣論述：

The author offers a thorough presentation of the classical theory of algebraic numbers and algebraic functions which both in its conception and in many details differs from the current literature on the subject. The basic features are: Field-theoretic preliminaries and a detailed presentation of Ded

ekind's ideal theory including non-principal orders and various types of class groups; the classical theory of algebraic number fields with a focus on quadratic, cubic and cyclotomic fields; basics of the analytic theory including the prime ideal theorem, density results and the determination of the

arithmetic by the class group; a thorough presentation of valuation theory including the theory of differents, discriminants, and higher ramification. The theory of function fields is based on the ideal and valuation theory developed before; it presents the Riemann-Roch theorem on the basis of Weil

differentials and highlights in detail the connection with classical differentials. The theory of congruence zeta functions and a proof of the Hasse -Weil theorem represent the culminating point of the volume. The volume is accessible with a basic knowledge in algebra and elementary number theory.

It empowers the reader to follow the advanced number-theoretic literature, and it is a solid basis for the study of the forthcoming volume on the foundations and main results of class field theory. Key features: A thorough presentation of the theory of Algebraic Numbers and Algebraic Functions on an

ideal- and valuation-theoretic basis.Several of the topics both in the number field and in the function field case were not presented before in this context.Despite the wealth of presented advanced topics the text is easily readable. Franz Halter-Koch studied at Universities of Graz and Hamburg u

nder Helmut Hasse and Alexander Aigner. He has been an Assistant Professor at University of Cologne, and a Full Professor at University of Essen and University of Graz. He has 156 research articles published in various journals. His books include Ideal Systems (Marcel Dekker/CRC Press); Non-Unique F

actorizations (Chapman&Hall/CRC), and Quadratic Irrationals, (Chapman&Hall/CRC).