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A Considerable Achievement: The Tactical Development of the 56th (London) Division on the Western Front, 1916-1918

為了解決1949 中華人民 共和国的問題，作者Brosnan, Matt 這樣論述：

Nearly a century on, the operational performance of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front during the First World War is still a hotly debated subject. The dominant perception is one of a conflict characterized by mud, trenches and futility, presided over by incompetent comman

ders. But over the last thirty years a different view has emerged and gained increasing prominence. Many historians have argued that the BEF deserves more credit for the wartime learning curve it underwent in evolving from a small professional force into a mass citizen army, which helped it to end t

he war victorious. The BEF has become the subject of even more detailed research, as historians have sought to investigate all aspects of its operational practice. This book enters into this debate by taking a detailed look at a single infantry division, one of the BEF's vital constituent parts. It

focuses on the 56th (London) Division, a first-line Territorial division that served continuously on the Western Front between February 1916 and November 1918. By focusing on and comparing three key battles in the Division's service - the Battle of Gommecourt on 1 July 1916, the Battle of Arras on 9

April 1917 and the Battle of Albert on 23 August 1918 - this study provides detailed insight into 56th Division's tactical development. It suggests that by the last year of the war, 56th Division had developed sophisticated offensive tactics born out of years of hard-fought experience. This study u

tilizes a range of archival sources, including the official documents of war diaries, operational orders and battle reports. But it also references the private papers of the officers and men who served in 56th Division, gaining the insight of individuals who witnessed and took part in these events a

t first hand. The voices that emerge from these sources are a testament to the dedication of many of the men who served with the Division and who helped it to develop increasingly effective fighting methods, as was also the case with the BEF as a whole. The 56th (London) Division therefore deserves

to be remembered for its contribution to a painful, but ultimately victorious war effort. Matt Brosnan was educated at the University of Birmingham, where he studied History and English at undergraduate level and then Twentieth Century British History at postgraduate level. His postgraduate research

was on the tactical development of 56th Division on the Western Front, which has been extended to form the present study. Since 2006 he has worked at the Imperial War Museum in London, initially as a Curator in the Department of Art, which holds the largest collection of modern British art outside

the Tate. He curated displays on the Hall of Remembrance art scheme of the First World War and Neo-Romantic art of the Second World War period. He currently works as a Historian in the Research and Information Department, where he is researching forthcoming exhibitions on Frontline Medicine and also

for the centenary of the First World War. A Considerable Achievement is his first publication. He was born and lives in north London.

1949 中華人民 共和国進入發燒排行的影片

兩岸關係的紅色警戒：中共官媒訊息文字探勘，2018年1月至2020年9月

為了解決1949 中華人民 共和国的問題，作者湯雅媜 這樣論述：

中共官媒係中國共產黨的喉舌，致力為其宣傳並引導輿論風向，本文以七個中共官方訊息窗口作爲研究對象，運用Python程式語言進行網絡爬蟲及文字探勘，萃取官媒新聞中對臺危險或友好的訊息，並將之對照美、中、臺間重要大事，目的在於透過這些媒體渠道，觀察中共對臺威脅的趨勢變化，從中瞭解中共對臺態度轉折，以提出相關示警。研究的結果表明，美國對臺政策是挑起中共對臺威脅的主要因素，而中共對臺策略亦因臺灣大選結果發生轉折，且隨著新冠疫情的蔓延，中共對臺威脅持續且加劇。總體而言，2018年至2019年，中共對臺實施和戰兩手策略；2020年，中共對臺態度更趨強硬，且該階段亦為本研究中，警戒訊號最為強烈的時期。

Isis: The Killing Caliphate: the Ideology of Terror

為了解決1949 中華人民 共和国的問題，作者Catherwood, Christopher 這樣論述：

Every war has its cause and every conflict its context, none more so than the centuries-old ideological battle between Christian and Muslim theology. The concept of holy war is almost as old as the religions themselves, with Christian crusades and Muslim invasions of North Africa, Asia and Europe

. From 630 Islamic armies were engaged in massive imperialist conquest that created one of the most successful empires in history, stretching from the borders of Hindu India in the East to Christian Spain in the West. Until the failed attempt to capture Vienna in 1683 the Islamic armies mounted an a

lmost continuous assault on Europe. Not until 1913 would some parts of Europe be free from Muslim rule. The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 led to the secularisation of Turkey and the Turkish leader Kemal Ataturk's abolition of the Caliphate in 1924. That act ended the Islamic empire, with the

Christian West, in the form of Britain and France, in control of large areas of the realm of Islam - the Middle East we know today being largely shaped by Winston Churchill. Conflict was inevitable. The tragic events of 9/11 were the result of a long process within Islam and the Islamic world, rathe

r than the beginning of it - and now we have Isis and an attempt to revive the Caliphate. No-one knows how it will end. The author, who has written extensively on the subject of the continuous struggle between Christianity and Islam, investigates the key events throughout history that led to the est

ablishment of the state of Israel, the Islamic rage of the twentieth century, Al Qaeda, the conflict between Sunni and Shia, and the rise of Isis. ISIS: The Killing Caliphate explains the motives behind holy war and how the fighting in the Middle East is merely the latest manifestation of the ageles

s battle between theologies - war in the name of God.

臺灣糖業鐵道客運營業線之空間變遷（1909－1982）

為了解決1949 中華人民 共和国的問題，作者張家端 這樣論述：

臺灣糖業鐵道客運營業線在20世紀的臺灣交通史上是不可忽視的重要存在，然而過去多數研究多將營業線與整個製糖業的脈絡，包括原料採取區域之空間變遷、專用線之沿革與糖業之經營史等等方面一併探討；本研究則嘗試脫離製糖本業之框架，從地方交通的脈絡切入，探討其作為地方交通設施，在臺灣的空間變遷過程。本研究首先透過整理、篩選與檢視各年度糖鐵營業線、專用線以及總和之長度統計資料，發現糖鐵的總長度，在不包含臺車線且不包含側線里程的前提下，實際上從未超過3,000公里。接著透過各製糖會社之營業報告書，考證了製糖所設立、轉手或停閉，以及製糖會社設立或合併等眾說紛紜的年代；在此基礎上，釐清了從第一條營業線開辦客運到最

後一條營業線停辦客運，糖鐵各營業線之開辦、停辦、延長、縮短、改線及易手等變化型態之沿革變遷；對於無法確定變化年代之營業線，本研究也給出了變化年份的上下界。此外，本研究也透過比較臺灣其他私設鐵道（民營鐵道）業者，以及其他日本殖民地之私設鐵道概況，發現臺灣以糖鐵營業線為主的地方鐵道交通路網幾乎不需要國家力量介入來鼓勵其開展或維持其經營，而造成此種特殊性質的主因，乃因糖鐵營業線不需接受私設鐵道補助即可自行維持經營。最後，本研究也發現糖鐵營業線在空間上的變遷，呈現初期快速擴張，最後也急遽衰退，在此期間，多數路線都能夠維持經營而少有停閉。