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ATM轉帳詐欺犯罪的實證研究

為了解決第一銀行臨櫃匯款證件的問題，作者江志慶 這樣論述：

論文摘要本研究以「理性選擇」的觀點出發，從「日常活動理論」犯罪發生的三個要素加以探討，期望藉由「有動機及能力的犯罪者」、「適合的犯罪標的物」及「抑制犯罪者」三個面向，來一窺整個犯罪類型的實際面貌。就詐騙集團成員的犯罪動機而言，主要有五點：（一）低成本、高報酬；（二）警方查緝不易、犯罪風險低；（三）量刑低、刑罰功能不彰；（四）受到同儕團體影響；（五）好逸惡勞的社會風氣。歹徒加入詐騙集團的動機並不一定是理性選擇的結果，還有其他因素，觸發他們加入犯罪集團。就詐騙集團的組織結構與任務分工而言，主要區分為四個單位：（一）集團首領：負責提供資金、指揮協調、統籌分配。（二）實施詐騙組：依照詐騙手法印製海報

、刊登廣告或大量傳送簡訊，撥打或接聽電話與被害人進行接觸，辦演各種角色取信被害人，編輯教戰守則提供新進成員參考。（三）機動領款組：接到電話通知後，第一時間前往ATM領款。（四）後勤支援組：收購人頭帳戶、人頭電話、個人基本資料及偽變造各式證件。歹徒對於ATM的使用依賴程度越來越高，主要原因歸納如下：（一）對犯罪者而言，誘騙被害者至ATM匯款，是最快速而且最安全的方法。（二）歹徒營造出一個情況急迫的情境，讓被害者無從查證、甚至連查證的時間、機會都沒有。（三）歹徒利用語音查詢、電腦設定轉帳等功能，將錢轉匯到其他人頭帳戶，再由機動領款組成員，第一時間前往ATM領款，避免機動領款組成員臨櫃提領的風險。被

害特質有八項：（一）心生貪念。（二）容易相信表面。（三）不熟悉金融轉帳流程。（四）過度自信。（五）對社會新聞漠不關心。（六）執迷不悟。（七）姑且一試。（八）身不由己。被害者通常兼具多種被害特質，兼具越多特質，被害的危險性就越高。此外，被害者本身具有可責性，很多被害人選擇息事寧人，不願張揚或報警處理，因此研究者相信詐欺犯罪的犯罪黑數必定相當高。目前「警示帳戶」與「斷話」措施成效頗大，他的關鍵在於時效與配合度，警方必須掌握時效，在第一時間阻止歹徒的犯罪行為，其次就要看金融、電信單位的配合意願。就警方實務上的偵查作為而言，主要可歸納為：（一）指紋鑑識。（二）通訊監察（搭配通聯紀錄）。（三）錄影監視。

（四）誘捕偵查。對於詐騙集團的犯罪手法不斷推陳出新，警方的偵查技巧也必須因應提升，建議如下：（一）立即招開全國性新型態詐欺犯罪防制及偵查會議。（二）召集全國經濟犯罪刑事專業人才至警政署接受專業訓練。（三）訂定「偵辦新型態詐欺犯罪專案績效管制」。（四）提高偵辦該類案件誘因。金融機構漠視ATM轉帳詐欺犯罪的原因：（一）建構ATM軟硬體防詐騙功能需要花錢。（二）詐欺案件就ATM成交量的比重而言，其實比例相當低。（三）客戶因ATM轉帳詐欺而遭受損失，與銀行並無關聯。因此，要提升金融機構的配合意願，強化警方與金融機構的互動模式，也必須從上述原因著手，由公權力介入，強制規範金融業者的相關作為。最後，研究者

援引「情境犯罪預防理論」增加犯罪所需的功夫、增加犯罪的風險、降低犯罪的報酬及促使產生犯罪的罪惡感或羞恥感等相關概念，針對ATM轉帳詐欺犯罪集團，從「期前整備」、「實施詐騙」及「提領贓款」等階段之「犯罪情境」，與金融、電信、司法等相關單位之作為，以一種較有系統之方法加以設計、操作和管理，擬定七十八項具體建議，提供相關單位參考。AbstractEmpirical Study on Fraud through ATM TransferalThis research sets out from the perspective of “the rational choice theory” It inv

estigates the crime of fraud through ATM transferal from three dimensions: (1) motivated offender, (2) suitable target, and (3) capable guardianship.The motives of fraud are categorized into five types: (1) low cost but high pay, (2) low risk of being arrested by police, (3) lack of deterrence due t

o light penalty, (4) bad influence from peers, and (5) corruptive social morality-prevalent idleness. The motivation of committing is not necessarily “rational choice,” but rather, many other factors are involved.The organization of fraud blocs is divided into four parts according to their assignmen

t of tasks: (1) chiefs, (2) implements, (3) money withdrawers, and (4) backstage cohorts. Chiefs fund, plan, command and negotiate. Implements bait victims with posters, ads, cell phone messages, role-plays on the telephone, and make manuals for new members. Money withdrawers rush to ATM to withdraw

money as soon as they receive the signal. Backstage cohorts are responsible for faking front men’s accounts, telephone numbers, personal information and, all kinds of IDs.Fraud criminals depend more and more on ATM as criminal tool due to the following reasons. First, abducting victims to ATM to tr

ansfer money is the fastest and safest way. Second, criminals can fabricate an emergent situation, in which truth the victims cannot find time or chance to verify. Third, it is less risky to withdraw the transferred money from the faked accounts at ATM than over the counter.Eight features of victims

are identified as: (1) greedy, (2) easily beguiled by superficies, (3) unfamiliar with the process of money transferal, (4) too self-confident, (5) indifferent to news, (6) obsessive, (7) trying, and (8) forced. The more characters one possesses, the more likely he will be victimized. In addition,

victims are also to blame. Therefore, they choose to tolerate instead of informing the police. Therefore, the researcher is convinced that the dark figure of crimes can be quite high.So far, the police’s measures- “alarmed account” and “cutting phone off”-have yielded great effects. Efficiency (Time

liness) and cooperation are crucial factors. The police must work against time to prevent the crime. In addition, cooperation from financial organizations and telecommunication bureaus are important.The police employ the following skills during their investigation: (1) fingerprint identification, (2

) telecommunication monitor (along with telecommunication records), (3) videotape monitor, and (4) entrapment. Catering to the evolving and progressing techniques used by fraud blocs, the police should also promote investigating skills constantly. The following are some suggestions derived from rese

arch findings. First, we should hold a national conference on prevention and trace of new-typed frauds immediately. Second, the National Police Administration should provide professional training for financial criminologists. Third, a system should be built to evaluate the effects of chasing new-typ

ed frauds. Finally, we should increase the rewards for chasing fraud.However, fraud through ATM transferal has been neglected by financial organizations for the following reasons. First, constructing anti-fraud hardware and software in ATM are expensive. Second, fraud cases take up only a tiny part

in the ATM deals. Third, banks are not obliged to pay their customers’ losses in cases of fraud. Therefore, banks do not want to invest. Due to bank’s apathy toward prevent ATM transferal fraud, government should intervene to regulate the financial institutes.Finally, we put forth seventy-eight con

crete suggestions, based on the concepts embedded in “Situational Crime Prevention Theory,” these suggestions include increasing crime toil, crime risk, lowering crime benefits, and promoting sense of guilty or shame. They also deal with different stages in fraud cases, such as “preparatory”, “impl

ementing”, and “prize-fetching”. This systemized method enables financial and judicial organizations and telecommunications to design, operate and manage their measures.Key words：ATM transferal, fraud, routine activity, situational crime prevention.