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民之所欲常在我心？民意對越南對美與對中政策之影響

為了解決x s minh ngoc mien t的問題，作者阮功松 這樣論述：

美國和中國被定位為越南重中之重的夥伴，在政治、安全、經貿等領域皆與越南維持著密切的聯繫。在過去十年間，處理涉及美、中兩國關係逐漸成為越南對外政策的重點工作，不斷考驗越南領袖的智慧。當下越南外交決策者所面臨的挑戰在於：美、中兩強的戰略競爭所帶來的選邊站壓力日增，以及越南民間社會對外交事務日益暢所欲言。鑒於此，本研究的主要目的，即在探討越南民意在越南官方制定對美、中兩國的政策上是否以及如何產生影響。在深入回答此問題前，本研究先簡述越南民意在越南對外政策制定之角色，並歸納出越南民眾透過制度設計和非制度設計這兩種方式與途徑以表達其對外交政策議題的意見。接著，本研究藉由探討「2019年越中萬安灘對峙事

件」、「美國航空母艦2018年和2020年靠港訪問越南」這兩個國土安全議題案例，以及中國「一帶一路」倡議和美國「印太戰略」這兩個區域大國政治議題案例，進而釐清越南官方與民間在這四個案例上對美、中的政策偏好及立場，並以此評估越南民意所透過的兩種制度和非制度設計的方式與途徑對官方外交決策過程所產生的影響。本研究發現，越南民意可以有條件地影響越南官方對美、中兩國的決策過程。進一步言，當越南民眾對某項涉及美、中兩國的議題之關注較大，且越南官方與民間對該等議題的政策偏好與立場出現很大的分歧之時，那麼越南民意較有機會影響官方的政策制定和產出。本研究的發現對於進一步解釋民意與包括越南在內的威權主義國家的外交

決策之關係上做出重要的實證和理論貢獻，即倘某項外交事件的議題顯著性高，且能夠引起該國較激烈的國內政治競爭，那麼民意影響官方的外交決策之機會也會有所提升。

越南活躍老化指標: 現況、因子、效益、跨國比較、與政策建議

為了解決x s minh ngoc mien t的問題，作者范俊于 這樣論述：

IntroductionIn response to the challenges of population aging, the WHO has developed a policy framework that promotes active aging, with an emphasis on the following three pillars: health, social participation, and security. Several advanced countries have conducted studies to measure and monitor a

ctive aging level and evaluate the implementation of aging-related policies. However, such studies are scarce in Vietnam, one of the world’s fastest aging countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to 1) adapt and validate the active aging index (AAI) in Vietnamese language; 2) assess the curren

t status of active aging in Vietnam and compare it with that in China, South Korea, Taiwan, and 28 European Union (EU) countries; 3) identify the determinants of active aging; and 4) explore the potential benefits of active aging, including health outcomes, health utilization, life satisfaction, and

quality of life (hereafter referred to as health-related outcomes).Research methodsThis study was divided into three phases. In the first phase, translation and modification were conducted to adapt the AAI to Vietnam culture. A series of one expert panel discussion and two focus groups among older

adults were conducted to obtain their perspectives on the tool. The second phase consisted of a pilot test and a retest on 40 people to assess the different types of validity and reliability of the questionnaire. In the third phase, a cross-sectional investigation was conducted on 1105 older adults

in three provinces representing three regions of Vietnam: Thai Nguyen (northern), Hue (central), and Ho Chi Minh (southern). A multi-stratified sampling method was applied to draw study participants. General linear regression and multiple ordinal regression models were used to identify the determina

nts and the potential benefits of active aging.ResultsPsychometric properties of the final version of Vietnamese AAI (VAAI). The VAAI had a good test–retest reliability with a minimum ICC of 0.70 for a single question and an acceptable internal consistency for 3 of 4 groups of items ( = 0.70, 0.94,

and 0.65). It also showed acceptable construct validity with model fit indices of χ2/df = 3.8; RMSEA = 0.059; CFI = 0.939; and SRMR = 0.060. The content validity indices rated by 6 Vietnamese experts were 0.95 and 0.98 for relevant and clarity criterion, respectively. The VAAI also achieved concurr

ent validity.VAAI in comparison with other countries. Using the validated tool, we observed that Vietnam had an overall AAI score of 43.1, which was ranked 2nd among 32 countries. Vietnam was ranked high in terms of overall AAI due to high rankings in 2 domains, i.e., employment (ranked 1st) and soc

ial participation (ranked 5th). In contrast, Vietnam ranked 32nd the lowest in terms of independent/healthy/secure living and 26th in terms of capacity and enabling environment for active aging. These two domains had low rankings because several component indicators obtained low scores, including li

felong learning (7.0%), lived alone or with spouse (18.9%), use of internet (26.7%), having had a senior high school degree or above (26.7%), share of healthy life years (39.8%), no poverty risk (46.2%), and physical activity (47.1%). The AAI score for older men (44.9) was higher than that for older

women (41.6).Determinants of active aging. The bivariate analysis showed that people who were younger, male, married, rural residents, northern residents, without limited activity, and without longstanding illness had significantly higher AAI scores than their counterparts (p < 0.05). However, afte

r controlling for important covariates, only age (p = 0.001), region (p = 0.001), and limited activity (p = 0.001) were found to be significant determinants of the variation in AAI.Potential benefits of active aging. After controlling for potential confounders, we found that people with higher AAI s

cores were more likely to have good health, better life satisfaction, quality of life than those with lower AAI scores, and they were also less likely to be frail and suffer a fall.DiscussionIn addition to the interpretation of results and comparison with other studies, some useful policies from adv

anced countries that Vietnam could learn to promote active and healthy aging have been discussed in this study. At the end of this section, we discuss the present study’s strengths and limitations as well as the implications for future studies.ConclusionAnalysis of the psychometric properties of the

VAAI showed that this index is reliable and valid, which therefore ensures that the VAAI can be used in a country with a new cultural setting, such as Vietnam. Older Vietnamese adults were more active in labor force and social participation; however, they were not as healthy, independent, secure, a

nd capable of being active as their counterparts in other Asian and EU countries. These findings indicate that Vietnam must improve low-score indicators, such as voluntary activity, physical activity, independent living, lifelong learning, educational attainment, use of internet, healthy life expect

ancy, and risk of poverty.The findings of this study also reveal that multidimensional active aging is a beneficial predictor of 5 of 8 health-related outcomes. However, when one is designing multidimensional active aging programs, more attention must be paid to people who are female, older, and/or

with activity limitation, as they obtained lower AAI scores than their counterparts.