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All the Seas of the World: The First Global Naval War, 1739-1748. Volume 1, 1739-1745

為了解決Enemy (from the seri的問題，作者Parker, Albert C. E. 這樣論述：

The War of Jenkin’s Ear was fundamentally about silver. Silver was the only commodity that Asians would exchange with Europeans for their spices, tea, porcelain, and silk, but most of the world’s silver was produced in Spanish America. Anyone who wished to trade in the Far East first had to trade wi

th Spanish America. But Spain, like Britain, had a closed imperial trading system, with only limited legitimate opportunities for trade by British merchants. Attempts by Spanish authorities to prevent ’smuggling’ were highly resented in Britain, especially since Spain was regarded as a country of we

ak, incompetent cowards. When an agreement to settle the resulting disputes foundered in 1739, Great Britain declared war on Spain.The resulting conflict, named much later after an incident in which a British merchant captain had lost an ear to Spanish customs enforcers, was perforce a maritime war:

neither country was in a position to launch a military campaign on its opponent’s home territory. The war featured the first incursion by a European state navy into the Pacific Ocean to attack enemy ships and ports and the largest European amphibious expedition so far to the West Indies, resulting

in thousands of dead British soldiers and sailors at Cartagena (now in Colombia). Meanwhile, Spanish involvement in the war that had begun over Austrian territory in December 1740 led to extensive British naval operations in the Mediterranean in support of Austria. By 1744, France, unofficially at w

ar with Britain in Europe since 1741 declared war on Britain in February 1744 and sent a fleet into the English Channel to cover an invasion of England. At the same time, the French fleet based at Toulon sortied in conjunction with a Spanish squadron to attack the British Mediterranean fleet. By 174

5, British American colonists were attacking a fortified French port on Cape Breton Island (now in Nova Scotia), and the British home fleet was working hard to interdict French attempts to ship men, money, and weapons to support an uprising in Scotland.All the Seas of the World sheds new light on al

l aspects of the naval operations of the Spanish, British, and French navies in all theaters of the war which lasted from October 1739 to October 1748. Volume 1 covers naval battles and campaigns from 1739 to 1745, including notable single-ship actions as well as campaigns by fleets and squadrons, i

n the Bay of Biscay, the English Channel, Mediterranean, the West Indies, and the Pacific Ocean in detail, with full orders of battle for all engagements as well as some campaigns that ended without fighting. The study exposes errors in previous accounts based on only one side’s documents, including

convoys and fleets that never existed, overestimates and exaggerations of opposing forces and casualties, and misunderstandings of enemy plans and intentions. Use of a wide range of sources reveals naval campaigns omitted from previous literature, such as the extensive Spanish response in the Pacif

ic to the expedition commanded by George Anson, the success of the Spanish navy in carrying and escorting shipments of silver from America, and the strategically successful Spanish sea borne supply operation for their army in Italy.Volume 1 includes nearly 40 maps showing long-range fleet and squadr

on movements and the maneuvers of individual ships in fleet, squadron, and single-ships actions, many of them never previously charted. Over 100 tables list the ships assigned to fleets, stations, and squadrons or present at major battles, compare the size and strength of potential or actual opposin

g forces, list operations or movements over time, or provide detailed information about the ships taking part in notable battles.

All the Seas of the World: The First Global Naval War, 1739-1748. Volume 2, 1745-1748

為了解決Enemy (from the seri的問題，作者Parker, Albert C. E. 這樣論述：

In February 1744 the War of Jenkins’s Ear over British trading opportunities in Spanish America, hitherto confined at sea to Great Britain versus. Spain, blended into the existing (since December 1740) War of the Austrian Succession, over the disposition of Habsburg territories, with a French declar

ation of war on Great Britain. All the Seas of the World sheds new light on all aspects of the naval operations of the Spanish, British, and French navies in all theaters of the war which lasted from October 1739 to October 1748. Volume 1 covered naval battles and campaigns from 1739 to 1745 in the

Bay of Biscay, the English Channel, Mediterranean, and the Pacific Ocean, and from 1739 to 1743 in the West Indies. Volume 2 treats the remainder of the war in the Atlantic and Mediterranean; French, Spanish, and British naval operations in the Caribbean, 1744-48, and operations in the Indian Ocean,

the first time that two European powers had engaged in naval battles there (in the previous War of the Spanish Succession, the French and British trading companies had arranged a local truce).Notable single-ship actions as well as the campaigns of fleets and squadrons are treated in detail, with fu

ll orders of battle for all engagements as well as some campaigns that ended without fighting. The study exposes errors in previous accounts based on only one side’s documents, including convoys and fleets that never existed, overestimates and exaggerations of opposing forces and casualties, and mis

understandings of enemy plans and intentions. Use of a wide range of sources reveals naval campaigns omitted from previous literature, such as the continued success of the Spanish campaign in 1746 and 1747 to supply their forces in Italy by sea despite British interdiction attempts, the abortive Fre

nch ’first squadron’ in the Indian Ocean, and the Dutch mobilization to prevent a French invasion of the islands of the province of Zeeland.Volume 2 includes 30 maps showing long-range fleet and squadron movements and the maneuvers of individual ships in fleet, squadron, and single-ship actions, man

y of them never previously charted. Over 100 tables list the ships assigned to fleets, stations, and squadrons or present at major battles, compare the size and strength of potential or actual opposing forces, list operations or movements over time, or provide detailed information about the ships ta

king part in notable battles. A three-panel table lists for the first time all of the trans-Atlantic French convoys that were frequently the objects of British cruises and attacks in an eighteenth-century ’Battle of the Atlantic’.